Webmaster Level: Intermediate to Advanced Including a
rel=canonical link in your webpage is a strong hint to search engines your preferred version to index among
duplicate pages on the web. It's supported by several search engines, including
Yahoo!,
Bing, and Google. The rel=canonical link consolidates indexing properties from the duplicates, like their inbound links, as well as specifies which URL you'd like displayed in search results. However, rel=canonical can be a bit tricky because it's not very obvious when there's a misconfiguration.
While the webmaster sees the "red velvet" page on the left in their browser, search engines notice on the webmaster's unintended "blue velvet" rel=canonical on the right. We recommend the following best practices for using rel=canonical:
- A large portion of the duplicate page's content should be present on the canonical version.
One test is to imagine you don't understand the language of the content—if you placed the duplicate side-by-side with the canonical, does a very large percentage of the words of the duplicate page appear on the canonical page? If you need to speak the language to understand that the pages are similar; for example, if they're only topically similar but not extremely close in exact words, the canonical designation might be disregarded by search engines.
- Double-check that your rel=canonical target exists (it's not an error or "soft 404")
- Verify the rel=canonical target doesn't contain a noindex robots meta tag
- Make sure you'd prefer the rel=canonical URL to be displayed in search results (rather than the duplicate URL)
- Include the rel=canonical link in either the <head> of the page or the HTTP header
- Specify no more than one rel=canonical for a page. When more than one is specified, all rel=canonicals will be ignored.
Mistake 1: rel=canonical to the first page of a paginated series Imagine that you have an article that spans several pages:
- example.com/article?story=cupcake-news&page=1
- example.com/article?story=cupcake-news&page=2
- and so on
Specifying a rel=canonical from page 2 (or any later page) to page 1 is not correct use of rel=canonical, as these are not duplicate pages. Using rel=canonical in this instance would result in the content on pages 2 and beyond not being indexed at all.
Good content (e.g., "cookies are superior nutrition" and "to vegetables") is lost when specifying rel=canonical from component pages to the first page of a series. In cases of
paginated content, we recommend either a
rel=canonical from component pages to a single-page version of the article, or to use
rel="prev" and rel="next" pagination markup.
rel=canonical from component pages to the view-all page
If rel=canonical to a view-all page isn't designated, paginated content can use rel="prev" and rel="next" markup. The <link> tag, like many HTML tags, accepts both relative and absolute URLs. Relative URLs include a path "relative" to the current page. For example, "images/cupcake.png" means "from the current directory go to the "images" subdirectory, then to cupcake.png." Absolute URLs specify the full path—including the scheme like http://. Specifying <link rel=canonical href="example.com/cupcake.html" /> (a relative URL since there's no "http://") implies that the desired canonical URL is http://
example.com/example.com/cupcake.html even though that is almost certainly not what was intended. In these cases, our algorithms may ignore the specified rel=canonical. Ultimately this means that whatever you had hoped to accomplish with this rel=canonical will not come to fruition.
Mistake 3: Unintended or multiple declarations of rel=canonical Occasionally, we see rel=canonical designations that we believe are unintentional. In very rare circumstances we see simple typos, but more commonly a busy webmaster copies a page template without thinking to change the target of the rel=canonical. Now the site owner's pages specify a rel=canonical to the template author's site.
If you use a template, check that you didn't also copy the rel=canonical specification. Another issue is when pages include multiple rel=canonical links to different URLs. This happens frequently in conjunction with SEO plugins that often insert a default rel=canonical link, possibly unbeknownst to the webmaster who installed the plugin. In cases of multiple declarations of rel=canonical, Google will likely ignore all the rel=canonical hints. Any benefit that a legitimate rel=canonical might have offered will be lost. In both these types of cases, double-checking the page's source code will help correct the issue. Be sure to check the entire <head> section as the rel=canonical links may be spread apart.
Check the behavior of plugins by looking at the page's source code. Let's say you run a site about desserts. Your dessert site has useful category pages like "pastry" and "gelato." Each day the category pages feature a unique article. For instance, your pastry landing page might feature "red velvet cupcakes." Because the "pastry" category page has nearly all the same content as the "red velvet cupcake" page, you add a rel=canonical from the category page to the featured individual article. If we were to accept this rel=canonical, then your pastry category page would not appear in search results. That's because the rel=canonical signals that you would prefer search engines display the canonical URL in place of the duplicate. However, if you want users to be able to find both the category page and featured article, it's best to only have a self-referential rel=canonical on the category page, or none at all.
Remember that the canonical designation also implies the preferred display URL. Avoid adding a rel=canonical from a category or landing page to a featured article. The rel=canonical link tag should only appear in the <head> of an HTML document. Additionally, to avoid HTML parsing issues, it's good to include the rel=canonical as early as possible in the <head>. When we encounter a rel=canonical designation in the <body>, it's disregarded. This is an easy mistake to correct. Simply double-check that your rel=canonical links are always in the <head> of your page, and as early as possible if you can.
rel=canonical designations in the <head> are processed, not the <body>. To create valuable rel=canonical designations:
- Verify that most of the main text content of a duplicate page also appears in the canonical page.
- Check that rel=canonical is only specified once (if at all) and in the <head> of the page.
- Check that rel=canonical points to an existent URL with good content (i.e., not a 404, or worse, a soft 404).
- Avoid specifying rel=canonical from landing or category pages to featured articles as that will make the featured article the preferred URL in search results.
And, as always, please ask any questions in our
Webmaster Help forum.
Written by Allan Scott, Software Engineer, Indexing Team
While the webmaster sees the "red velvet" page on the left in their browser, search engines notice on the webmaster's unintended "blue velvet" rel=canonical on the right.
Good content (e.g., "cookies are superior nutrition" and "to vegetables") is lost when specifying rel=canonical from component pages to the first page of a series.
rel=canonical from component pages to the view-all page
If rel=canonical to a view-all page isn't designated, paginated content can use rel="prev" and rel="next" markup.
If you use a template, check that you didn't also copy the rel=canonical specification.
Check the behavior of plugins by looking at the page's source code.
Remember that the canonical designation also implies the preferred display URL. Avoid adding a rel=canonical from a category or landing page to a featured article.
rel=canonical designations in the <head> are processed, not the <body>.
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